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Thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef n\u00e0y trong ti\u1ebfng Anh l\u00e0 bacteriophage xu\u1ea5t x\u1ee9 t\u1eeb ti\u1ebfng Hy L\u1ea1p: bacterium (vi khu\u1ea9n) gh\u00e9p v\u1edbi \u03c6\u03b1\u03b3\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd (phagein ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u0103n, nu\u1ed1t), ngh\u0129a \u0111en l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 \u0103n vi khu\u1ea9n. \u1ede Vi\u1ec7t Nam, thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef n\u00e0y c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \"th\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c khu\u1ea9n\" ho\u1eb7c \"th\u1ec3 \u0103n khu\u1ea9n\"\nC\u00e1c t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u chuy\u00ean ng\u00e0nh th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1ecdi t\u1eaft l\u00e0 \"phage\"."},"target":"Frame","view":{"camera":{"position":[-0.01544036716222763,0.4469262659549713,-2.0711400508880615],"orientation":[0,0,0],"scale":{"x":0,"y":0,"z":0}}},"annotation":0,"annotations":[],"visibleAnimation":{"Animations":["Explode","Unexplode","ARExplode","ARUnexplode"]},"LoopAnimation":{"Animations":[]},"removedAnimation":{"Animations":[]},"removedStructure":{"Structures":[]},"models":[],"image360":{"id":"","name":"","url":"","thumbnail":"","annotationIds":[],"activityIds":[],"activityFlagIds":[],"view":{"camera":{"position":[],"orientation":[],"scale":{"x":0,"y":0,"z":0}}},"models":[],"blockCode":{"remote":"","local":""}},"quizzes":[]},"blockCode":{"remote":"","local":""}},{"id":"4638","title":"L\u1ecbch s\u1eed","thumbnail":{"remote":"","local":""},"type":11,"score":0,"asset":"0","data":{"url":"https:\/\/educationxr.vn\/edu-file\/lesson\/images\/large-L97828977313731.jpg","is360":false,"timelimit":0,"question":"","answers":[],"location":{"remote":"https:\/\/educationxr.vn\/edu-file\/lesson\/unity\/4638.wav","local":"\/idbfs\/afe632ff9b9ed35b2ba74282b2c79f45\/2798\/4638"},"narration":{"remote":"","local":""},"textToSpeech":{"voidId":"N\u1eef mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc","languageCode":"T\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 1","text":"Nh\u00e0 vi sinh v\u1eadt h\u1ecdc ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p - Canada F\u00e9lix d'H\u00e9relle, l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7n Pasteur \u1edf Paris, c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 3 th\u00e1ng 9 n\u0103m 1917 r\u1eb1ng \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra \"m\u1ed9t vi khu\u1ea9n \u0111\u1ed1i kh\u00e1ng v\u00f4 tr\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a b\u1ec7nh ki\u1ebft l\u1ecb\". \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi d'H\u00e9relle, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi g\u00ec v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng: \"Trong nh\u00e1y m\u1eaft t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 hi\u1ec3u: nh\u1eefng g\u00ec g\u00e2y ra c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m s\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t vi khu\u1ea9n v\u00f4 h\u00ecnh.... m\u1ed9t vi khu\u1ea9n k\u00fd sinh tr\u00f9ng tr\u00ean vi khu\u1ea9n.\" D'H\u00e9relle g\u1ecdi lo\u1ea1i vi khu\u1ea9n n\u00e0y l\u00e0 vi khu\u1ea9n \u0103n th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt ho\u1eb7c ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0103n vi khu\u1ea9n (t\u1eeb phagein Hy L\u1ea1p c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u0103n). \u00d4ng c\u0169ng ghi l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i di\u1ec5n v\u0103n k\u1ecbch li\u1ec7t v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng m\u1eafc ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebft \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i s\u1ee9c kho\u1ebb b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c vi khu\u1ea9n. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 D'Herelle, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec1u nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 th\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c khu\u1ea9n v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a ra kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 li\u1ec7u ph\u00e1p g\u00e2y m\u00ea.\nN\u0103m 1969, Max Delbr\u00fcck, Alfred Hershey v\u00e0 Salvador Luria \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trao gi\u1ea3i Nobel v\u1ec1 Sinh l\u00fd h\u1ecdc ho\u1eb7c Y khoa cho nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 sao ch\u00e9p c\u1ee7a virus v\u00e0 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac di truy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang"},"target":"Frame","view":{"camera":{"position":[],"orientation":[],"scale":{"x":0,"y":0,"z":0}}},"annotation":0,"annotations":[],"visibleAnimation":{"Animations":["Explode","Unexplode","ARExplode","ARUnexplode"]},"LoopAnimation":{"Animations":[]},"removedAnimation":{"Animations":[]},"removedStructure":{"Structures":[]},"models":[],"image360":{"id":"","name":"","url":"","thumbnail":"","annotationIds":[],"activityIds":[],"activityFlagIds":[],"view":{"camera":{"position":[],"orientation":[],"scale":{"x":0,"y":0,"z":0}}},"models":[],"blockCode":{"remote":"","local":""}},"quizzes":[]},"blockCode":{"remote":"","local":""}},{"id":"1699","title":"T\u1ea5m n\u1ec1n","thumbnail":{"remote":"https:\/\/educationxr.vn\/edu-file\/lesson\/unity\/1699.jpg","local":""},"type":7,"score":0,"asset":"0","data":{"url":"","is360":false,"timelimit":0,"question":"","answers":[],"location":{"remote":"https:\/\/educationxr.vn\/edu-file\/lesson\/unity\/Tamnen1699.wav","local":"\/idbfs\/afe632ff9b9ed35b2ba74282b2c79f45\/2798\/1699\/Tamnen1699.wav"},"narration":{"remote":"","local":"\/idbfs\/afe632ff9b9ed35b2ba74282b2c79f45\/2798\/1699\/Tamnen1699.wav"},"textToSpeech":{"voidId":"N\u1eef mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc","languageCode":"T\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 1","text":"T\u1ea5m n\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a th\u1ef1c khu\u1ea9n T4 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u1ed7 m\u00e1y ph\u00e2n t\u1eed \u0111a protein \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n s\u1ef1 nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft, g\u1eafn k\u1ebft, co l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a t\u1ebf b\u00e0o ch\u1ee7 v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u00f3ng DNA c\u1ee7a virus. C\u1ea5u tr\u00fac kh\u00f4ng gian ba chi\u1ec1u c\u1ee7a ph\u1ee9c h\u1ee3p \u1ed1ng c\u00f3 \u0111u\u00f4i t\u1ea5m \u0111\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00e2n gi\u1ea3i 12 A b\u1eb1ng k\u00ednh hi\u1ec3n vi \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed l\u1ea1nh.\nT\u1ea5m \u0111\u1ebf c\u00f3 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1ee9ng s\u00e1u l\u1ea7n, gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u00e1i v\u00f2m, \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng k\u00ednh kho\u1ea3ng 520 A v\u00e0 d\u00e0i kho\u1ea3ng 270 A, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eafp r\u00e1p xung quanh m\u1ed9t trung t\u00e2m. M\u1ed9t \u1ed1ng \u0111u\u00f4i d\u00e0i 940 A v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng k\u00ednh 96 A, \u0111\u1ed3ng tr\u1ee5c v\u1edbi trung t\u00e2m, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec9nh c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5m \u0111\u1ebf. \u1ede trung t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a m\u00e1i v\u00f2m l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e2y kim m\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb ch\u1ecdc th\u1ee7ng t\u1ebf b\u00e0o. Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a s\u00e1u protein c\u00f3 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac nguy\u00ean t\u1eed \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebft, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp v\u1ecb tr\u00ed v\u00e0 h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 protein t\u1ea5m n\u1ec1n kh\u00e1c. C\u1ea5u tr\u00fac t\u1ea5m \u0111\u1ebf g\u1ee3i \u00fd c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf k\u00edch ho\u1ea1t t\u1ea5m n\u1ec1n v\u00e0 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec5m T4."},"target":"Frame\/T4 Virus\/Tail\/Base Plate","view":{"camera":{"position":[0.09765122830867767,0.7526987195014954,-0.6294249892234802],"orientation":[43.8214225769043,344.533935546875,356.41473388671875],"scale":{"x":0,"y":0,"z":0}}},"annotation":0,"annotations":[],"visibleAnimation":{"Animations":["Explode","Unexplode","ARExplode","ARUnexplode"]},"LoopAnimation":{"Animations":[]},"removedAnimation":{"Animations":[]},"removedStructure":{"Structures":[]},"models":[],"image360":{"id":"","name":"","url":"","thumbnail":"","annotationIds":[],"activityIds":[],"activityFlagIds":[],"view":{"camera":{"position":[],"orientation":[],"scale":{"x":0,"y":0,"z":0}}},"models":[],"blockCode":{"remote":"","local":""}},"quizzes":[]},"blockCode":{"remote":"","local":""}},{"id":"6278","title":"V\u00f2ng c\u1ed5","thumbnail":{"remote":"https:\/\/educationxr.vn\/edu-file\/lesson\/unity\/6278.jpg","local":""},"type":7,"score":0,"asset":"0","data":{"url":"","is360":false,"timelimit":0,"question":"","answers":[],"location":{"remote":"https:\/\/educationxr.vn\/edu-file\/lesson\/unity\/Vongco6278.wav","local":"\/idbfs\/afe632ff9b9ed35b2ba74282b2c79f45\/2798\/6278\/Vongco6278.wav"},"narration":{"remote":"","local":"\/idbfs\/afe632ff9b9ed35b2ba74282b2c79f45\/2798\/6278\/Vongco6278.wav"},"textToSpeech":{"voidId":"N\u1eef mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc","languageCode":"T\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 1","text":"Dodecamer gp13 ch\u1ee9a m\u01b0\u1eddi hai v\u1ecb tr\u00ed li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi fibritin, ch\u00fang ph\u00e2n t\u00e1ch th\u00e0nh hai ph\u00e2n nh\u00f3m \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1ee9ng g\u1ea5p 6 l\u1ea7n. M\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m ph\u1ee5 g\u1eafn c\u00e1c r\u00e2u trong khi nh\u00f3m c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i li\u00ean k\u1ebft c\u00e1c ph\u00e2n t\u1eed fibritin t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh v\u00f2ng c\u1ed5. V\u00f2ng c\u1ed5 v\u00e0 r\u00e2u gi\u00fap g\u1eafn s\u00e1u s\u1ee3i \u0111u\u00f4i d\u00e0i v\u00e0o h\u1ea1t phage trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p virus v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t s\u1ef1 co l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c s\u1ee3i \u0111u\u00f4i d\u00e0i trong c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n kh\u00f4ng thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i cho s\u1ef1 l\u00e2y nhi\u1ec5m, t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t r\u00e2u v\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n xa c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c s\u1ee3i t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c v\u1edbi c\u1ed5 \u00e1o. 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Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp b\u1ecdc \u1edf \u0111u\u00f4i, n\u00f3 co l\u1ea1i trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh nhi\u1ec5m tr\u00f9ng xu\u1ed1ng d\u01b0\u1edbi m\u1ed9t n\u1eeda chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0i ban \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. V\u1ecf bao g\u1ed3m 138 b\u1ea3n sao c\u1ee7a protein v\u1ecf \u0111u\u00f4i, s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m gen (gp) 18, bao quanh \u1ed1ng \u0111u\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng co b\u00f3p \u1edf gi\u1eefa. S\u1ef1 co l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a v\u1ecf b\u1ecdc s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ea9y \u1ed1ng \u0111u\u00f4i qua m\u00e0ng ngo\u00e0i, t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t k\u00eanh d\u1eabn truy\u1ec1n b\u1ed9 gen c\u1ee7a virus. M\u1ed9t c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac tinh th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a kho\u1ea3ng 3 ph\u1ea7n 4 gp18 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eafp v\u00e0o k\u00ednh hi\u1ec3n vi \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed l\u1ea1nh t\u00e1i t\u1ea1o v\u1ecf b\u1ecdc \u0111u\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 sau khi co l\u1ea1i. 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